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Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) is an AWS managed database service that simplifies running relational databases in the cloud. Instead of installing PostgreSQL or MySQL on a virtual machine, configuring disks, scheduling backups, and managing infrastructure maintenance yourself, you c

AWS Lambda is a serverless computing service that runs application code without requiring developers to provision or manage servers. You deploy a function, configure its runtime, memory, permissions, and event sources, and AWS executes the code when it is invoked. Lambda automatically manages the un

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is an AWS object storage service designed to store and retrieve data at virtually any scale. Applications use S3 to store images, videos, documents, backups, logs, datasets, and other files without managing storage servers or provisioning disk capacity in ad

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is an AWS service that provides virtual servers, called instances, for running applications in the cloud. Instead of purchasing physical servers, engineers can launch virtual machines with a chosen operating system, CPU, memory, storage, and networking confi

Auto Scaling is the process of automatically increasing or decreasing computing capacity based on application demand, resource utilization, or predefined schedules. Instead of manually adding servers when traffic increases and removing them when traffic decreases, an Auto Scaling system continuously

CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery or Continuous Deployment . It is a set of software engineering practices that automate how code changes are tested, built, and released. Instead of manually copying application files to servers or running a long deployment checklist, te

Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool developed by HashiCorp that allows engineers to define, provision, and manage infrastructure using configuration files instead of manually creating resources through cloud consoles. With Terraform, you can describe AWS networks, servers, databases, I

Docker is a platform for building, packaging, distributing, and running applications in containers. A container provides an isolated runtime environment containing an application and the dependencies it needs to execute. Instead of installing Python, system libraries, and application packages direct

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the practice of defining and managing infrastructure using machine-readable configuration files instead of manually creating resources through cloud consoles. Servers, networks, databases, load balancers, IAM roles, and Kubernetes resources can all be described as cod

Zero-downtime deployment is the practice of releasing a new application version without interrupting service availability. Instead of stopping the application, replacing its code, and restarting it, the deployment system starts healthy new instances, routes traffic to them, and safely retires the ol

Rolling deployment is a software release strategy that updates an application incrementally instead of replacing every running instance at once. The deployment controller starts new instances, waits for them to become ready, and removes old instances in batches until the entire application runs the

Canary deployment gradually exposes a new application version to production traffic while monitoring its health before a full rollout.

gRPC is an open-source Remote Procedure Call (RPC) framework that allows applications to invoke methods on remote services as if they were local functions. It is commonly used for communication between microservices, internal APIs, and distributed systems where performance, strongly typed contracts,

WebSocket is a communication protocol that provides a persistent, bidirectional connection between a client and a server. Unlike traditional HTTP requests, where the client initiates each exchange, WebSocket allows both sides to send messages independently over the same connection. It is commonly us

Server-Sent Events (SSE) is a web technology that allows a server to continuously send updates to a client over a single HTTP connection. Instead of repeatedly requesting new information, the client opens a connection and receives events as they become available. SSE is commonly used for live notifi

Long polling is an HTTP communication technique in which a client sends a request and the server keeps it open until new data becomes available or a timeout occurs. Unlike traditional polling, where clients repeatedly request updates at fixed intervals, long polling allows the server to respond when

A webhook is a mechanism that allows one application to notify another application when a specific event occurs. Instead of repeatedly requesting updates, the receiving application exposes an HTTP endpoint, and the sending application delivers an HTTP request containing information about the event.

Rate limiting controls how frequently a client, user, application, or service can perform an operation within a defined period. An API might allow 100 requests per minute per user, while a login endpoint might permit only five failed attempts within a short interval.

A load balancer distributes incoming network connections or application requests across multiple backend servers. Instead of directing every request to one application instance, clients connect to a stable endpoint while the load balancer selects an appropriate backend to handle the traffic.

A reverse proxy is a server that sits in front of one or more backend servers and forwards client requests to them. Instead of connecting directly to an application, clients communicate with the reverse proxy, which selects an upstream server, sends the request, and returns the response.

An API gateway is a service that acts as a single entry point for client requests to backend APIs. It receives HTTP requests, applies policies such as authentication and rate limiting, selects the appropriate backend service, and forwards requests to their destinations.

Redis is a high-performance, in-memory data store used for caching, session management, counters, rate limiting, leaderboards, and real-time applications. It provides atomic commands and specialized data structures that allow applications to access and update shared state with very low latency.

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a geographically distributed network of servers that delivers content from locations closer to users. Instead of every request traveling to the application's origin server, a CDN can serve cached content from an edge location near the requester.

Distributed caching stores cached data across multiple networked cache nodes so many application instances can share fast access to frequently used data. Instead of keeping cached values only inside one application process, the cache becomes a separate distributed layer.

Write-behind caching is a caching strategy where an application writes data to the cache first and persists the change to the database asynchronously. The application does not wait for the database write before completing the request.

A hot key is a cache, database, or distributed-storage key that receives disproportionately high traffic compared with other keys. Even when the overall system has enough capacity, one heavily accessed key can overload the specific node, partition, shard, or resource responsible for it.